Graphite allotrope ne na elemental carbon, inda kowane carbon zarra ke kewaye da wasu carbon atom guda uku (shirya a cikin wani saƙar zuma kamar tsari tare da mahara hexagons) waɗanda aka covalently bond don samar da covalent kwayoyin.

Graphite yana da kaddarorin musamman masu zuwa saboda tsarinsa na musamman:

1) High zafin jiki juriya: The narkewa batu na graphite ne 3850 ± 50 ℃, da kuma tafasar batu ne 4250 ℃.Ko da bayan an kona shi da babban zafin jiki mai zafi, asarar nauyi kadan ne, kuma ƙimar haɓakar thermal shima ƙanƙanta ne.Ƙarfin graphite yana ƙaruwa da zafin jiki, kuma a 2000 ℃, ƙarfin graphite ya ninka.

2) Haɓakawa da haɓakar thermal: Ƙarfafawar graphite ya fi sau ɗari fiye da na ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe na gaba ɗaya.Ƙarfin zafin jiki ya zarce na kayan ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe, ƙarfe, da gubar.Ƙarfin zafin jiki yana raguwa tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki, kuma ko da a yanayin zafi mai girma, graphite ya zama insulator.Graphite zai iya gudanar da wutar lantarki saboda kowane carbon atom a cikin graphite kawai yana samar da haɗin haɗin gwiwa guda uku tare da sauran atom ɗin carbon, kuma kowane carbon atom yana riƙe da electron kyauta ɗaya don canja wurin caji.

3) Lubricity: Ayyukan lubrication na graphite ya dogara da girman flakes ɗin graphite.Girman ɓangarorin, ƙaramar ƙimar juzu'i, kuma mafi kyawun aikin lubrication.

4) Natsuwar sinadarai: Graphite yana da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau a cikin ɗaki, kuma yana iya jure wa lalatawar acid, alkali, da ƙwayoyin ƙarfi.

5) Plasticity: Graphite yana da tauri mai kyau kuma ana iya nisa shi cikin zanen gado na bakin ciki sosai.

6) Juriya na girgiza zafin jiki: Graphite na iya jure matsanancin yanayin zafi ba tare da lalacewa ba lokacin amfani da zafin jiki.Lokacin da zafin jiki ya canza ba zato ba tsammani, ƙarar graphite ba ya canzawa da yawa kuma ba zai fashe ba.

Amfani:
1. An yi amfani da shi azaman kayan haɓakawa: Graphite da samfuran sa suna da kaddarorin juriya na zafin jiki da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.Ana amfani da su musamman a masana'antar ƙarfe don kera crucibles graphite.A cikin ƙera ƙarfe, graphite galibi ana amfani da shi azaman wakili na kariya don ingots na ƙarfe da kuma azaman rufin murhun ƙarfe.

2. Kamar yadda wani conductive abu: amfani a cikin lantarki masana'antu don kerar da lantarki, goge, carbon sanduna, carbon tubes, tabbatacce lantarki ga mercury rectifiers, graphite gaskets, tarho sassa, coatings ga talabijin shambura, da dai sauransu.

3. A matsayin kayan shafawa mai juriya: Graphite galibi ana amfani dashi azaman mai mai a cikin masana'antar injina.Lubricating man sau da yawa ba za a iya amfani da karkashin high gudun, high zafin jiki, da kuma high matsa lamba yanayi, yayin da graphite lalacewa-resistant kayan iya aiki ba tare da lubricating man fetur a high zamiya gudu a yanayin zafi na 200-2000 ℃.Yawancin na'urori waɗanda ke jigilar kafofin watsa labaru masu lalata suna amfani da kayan graphite don yin kofuna na piston, zoben rufewa, da bearings, waɗanda ba sa buƙatar ƙari na man mai yayin aiki.Emulsion graphite shima mai kyau ne don sarrafa ƙarfe da yawa (zanen waya, zanen bututu).
4. Graphite yana da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau.Musamman sarrafa graphite, tare da halaye irin su lalata juriya, mai kyau thermal watsin, da kuma low permeability, ana amfani da ko'ina wajen samar da zafi musayar, dauki tankuna, condensers, konewa hasumiyai, sha hasumiyai, coolers, heaters, tacewa, da famfo kayan aiki.An yi amfani da shi sosai a sassan masana'antu irin su petrochemicals, hydrometallurgy, samar da acid-tushe, filaye na roba, da kuma yin takarda, zai iya ajiye adadi mai yawa na kayan ƙarfe.

Iri-iri na graphite da ba za a iya jurewa ba ya bambanta cikin juriya na lalata saboda resins daban-daban da ya ƙunshi.Phenolic resin impregnators suna jure acid amma ba juriya na alkaline ba;Furfuryl barasa resin impregnators ne duka acid da alkali juriya.Juriya na zafi na nau'ikan iri daban-daban kuma ya bambanta: carbon da graphite na iya jure 2000-3000 ℃ a cikin yanayi mai ragewa, kuma suna fara yin iskar oxygen a 350 ℃ da 400 ℃ a cikin yanayi mai oxidizing, bi da bi;Bambance-bambancen nau'in graphite da ba za a iya jurewa ba ya bambanta da wakili mai ɗaukar ciki, kuma gabaɗaya yana da juriya da zafi zuwa ƙasa da 180 ℃ ta hanyar yin ciki da barasa phenolic ko furfuryl.

5. An yi amfani da shi don yin simintin gyare-gyare, juyawa yashi, gyare-gyaren, da kayan ƙarfe masu zafi mai zafi: Saboda ƙananan ƙananan haɓakar haɓakar zafin jiki na graphite da ikonsa na jure wa canje-canje a cikin saurin sanyaya da dumama, ana iya amfani da shi azaman mold don gilashin gilashi.Bayan amfani da graphite, baƙin ƙarfe na iya samun simintin gyare-gyare tare da madaidaicin girma, ƙasa mai santsi, da yawan amfanin ƙasa.Ana iya amfani da shi ba tare da sarrafawa ba ko kaɗan kaɗan, don haka adana adadi mai yawa na ƙarfe.Ayyukan karafa na foda kamar samar da kayan aiki masu wuya yawanci suna amfani da kayan graphite don yin kwale-kwale na yumbu don latsawa da ƙwanƙwasa.Ƙaƙƙarfan ci gaban kristal, kwandon tace yanki, kayan tallafi, injin induction, da dai sauransu na silicon monocrystalline duk ana sarrafa su daga graphite mai tsafta.Bugu da kari, graphite kuma za a iya amfani da graphite rufi allo da tushe ga injin smelting, kazalika da aka gyara kamar high-zazzabi juriya bututu, sanduna, faranti, da grids.

6. Ana amfani da shi a masana'antar makamashin atomic da masana'antar tsaro ta ƙasa: Graphite yana da kyawawan na'urori masu daidaitawa da ake amfani da su a cikin injin sarrafa atomatik, kuma ma'aunin uranium graphite reactors sune nau'in injin sarrafa atomatik da ake amfani da su sosai.The deceleration kayan amfani a atomic reactors domin iko ya kamata ya sami babban narkewa, kwanciyar hankali, da lalata juriya, da kuma graphite iya cika sama da bukatun.Bukatar tsabta don graphite da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin injin sarrafa atomatik yana da girma sosai, kuma abun cikin ƙazanta bai kamata ya wuce ɗimbin PPMs ba.Musamman, abun cikin boron yakamata ya zama ƙasa da 0.5PPM.A cikin masana'antar tsaro ta ƙasa, ana kuma amfani da graphite don kera nozzles don rokoki masu ƙarfi na man fetur, cones don makamai masu linzami, abubuwan da aka haɗa don kayan kewaya sararin samaniya, kayan rufewa, da kayan anti-radiation.

7. Graphite kuma na iya hana bushewar tukunyar jirgi.Gwaje-gwajen naúrar da suka dace sun nuna cewa ƙara wani adadin foda na graphite (kimanin gram 4-5 a kowace tan na ruwa) zuwa ruwa na iya hana ƙyallen saman tukunyar jirgi.Bugu da kari, graphite shafi a kan karafa bututun hayaki, rufin, gadoji, da bututu na iya hana lalata da tsatsa.

Ana iya amfani da graphite azaman gubar fensir, pigment, da wakili mai gogewa.Bayan aiki na musamman, ana iya amfani da graphite don samar da kayayyaki na musamman daban-daban don sassan masana'antu masu dacewa.