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Al'adun tukwane suna nuna tsarin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'adun da suka gabata, yayin da rarraba tukwane na sararin samaniya yana nuna tsarin sadarwa da tsarin hulɗa. Ana amfani da kayan aiki da geosciences a nan don ƙayyade tushen, zaɓi da sarrafa kayan albarkatun ƙasa. Masarautar Kongo, a duniya sananne tun daga karshen karni na goma sha biyar, yana daya daga cikin shahararrun kasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Tsakiya.Ko da yake yawancin bincike na tarihi ya dogara ne akan tarihin Afirka da Turai na baka da na rubuce-rubuce, har yanzu akwai gibi mai yawa a fahimtarmu a halin yanzu game da wannan rukunin siyasa. .A nan muna ba da sababbin ra'ayi game da samarwa da rarraba kayan aikin tukwane a cikin Masarautar Kongo.Yin hanyoyin bincike da yawa akan samfuran da aka zaɓa, wato XRD, TGA, nazarin petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS da ICP-MS, mun ƙaddara. Abubuwan da suka shafi petrographic, ma'adinai da geochemical. Sakamakonmu yana ba mu damar danganta abubuwan archaeological tare da kayan halitta da kuma kafa al'adun yumbura. Mun gano samfurori na samarwa, tsarin musayar, rarrabawa da tsarin hulɗar kayayyaki masu inganci ta hanyar rarraba ilimin fasaha. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa siyasa Tsarin tsakiya a yankin Lower Kongo na Afirka ta Tsakiya yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan samar da tukwane da rarrabawa.Muna fatan bincikenmu zai samar da kyakkyawan tushe don ƙarin nazarin kwatancen don daidaita wannan yanki.
Yin da yin amfani da tukwane ya kasance babban aiki a cikin al'adu da yawa, kuma yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa ya yi tasiri sosai a kan tsarin samarwa da tsarin samar da waɗannan abubuwa1,2. A cikin wannan tsarin, binciken yumbu zai iya bunkasa mu. fahimtar al'ummomin da suka gabata3,4.Ta hanyar nazarin yumburan kayan tarihi na archaeological, za mu iya danganta kaddarorin su zuwa takamaiman al'adun yumbura da samfurori na baya-bayan nan na samarwa1,4,5.Kamar yadda Matson6 ya nuna, dangane da ilimin kimiyyar yumbu, zaɓin albarkatun ƙasa yana da alaƙa. Bugu da ƙari, la'akari da nazarin al'amuran al'adu daban-daban, Whitbread2 yana nufin yiwuwar bunkasa albarkatun kasa da kashi 84 cikin dari na radius na 7km na asalin yumbu, idan aka kwatanta da yiwuwar 80% a cikin radius 3km a Afirka. , Yana da mahimmanci kada a manta da dogara da ƙungiyoyin samarwa akan abubuwan fasaha2,3. Za'a iya bincika zaɓin fasaha ta hanyar bincikar alaƙar da ke tsakanin kayan, fasaha da ilimin fasaha3,8,9.Yawancin irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka na iya bayyana wani al'adar yumbu na musamman. .A wannan lokaci, haɗakar da ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi zuwa bincike ya ba da gudummawa sosai don fahimtar al'ummomin da suka gabata3,10,11,12.Amfani da hanyoyin bincike da yawa na iya magance tambayoyi game da duk matakan da ke cikin ayyukan sarkar, kamar albarkatun kasa. ci gaba da zaɓin albarkatun ƙasa, sayayya da sarrafawa3,10,11,12.
Binciken ya mayar da hankali ne kan Masarautar Kongo, daya daga cikin mafi girman siyasar da za a ci gaba a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kafin zuwan yanayin zamani, Afirka ta Tsakiya ta ƙunshi wani tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke da manyan bambance-bambancen al'adu da siyasa, tare da sifofi daban-daban. daga kanana da rarrabuwar kawuna na siyasa zuwa hadaddun siyasa masu tarin yawa13,14,15.A cikin wannan mahallin siyasa da zamantakewa, ana tunanin an kafa Masarautar Kongo a karni na 14 ta wasu kungiyoyi uku masu hade da juna 16, 17.A cikinta. Ya yi daidai da yankin da ke tsakanin Tekun Atlantika zuwa yammacin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) da kogin Cuango a gabas, da kuma yankin arewacin Angola a yau. Latitude na Luanda.Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin mafi girman yanki a lokacin da yake da girma kuma ya sami ci gaba zuwa mafi girman rikitarwa da daidaitawa har zuwa 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st na karni na sha takwas.Tattalin zamantakewa, kudin gama gari, tsarin haraji , takamaiman rabon ma'aikata, da cinikin bayi18, 19 suna nuna tsarin tattalin arzikin siyasa na Earle22. Daga kafuwarta har zuwa karshen karni na 17, Masarautar Kongo ta fadada sosai, kuma daga 1483 gaba ta kulla alaka mai karfi da Turai, kuma a cikin wannan hanyar shiga cikin kasuwancin Atlantika 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ƙarin dalla-dalla Duba Ƙarin 1) don bayanin tarihi.
An yi amfani da hanyoyin kayan aiki da na kimiyyar ƙasa ga kayan aikin yumbu daga wuraren tarihi guda uku a cikin Masarautar Kongo, inda aka gudanar da tonon sililin a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wato Mbanza Kongo a Angola da Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Figure). 1) (duba Karin Bayani na 1).2 a cikin bayanan archaeological) .Mbanza Kongo, kwanan nan an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO, yana cikin lardin Mpemba na zamanin da. Ya kasance a tsakiyar tsakiyar tudu a tsakiyar tsakiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci mafi mahimmanci, shine siyasa da siyasa. Babban birnin gudanarwa na masarautun da kuma kujerar sarautar sarki.Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata suna cikin lardunan Nsundi da Mbata, bi da bi, wanda watakila yana cikin masarautu bakwai na Kongo dia Nlaza kafin a kafa masarauta – daya daga cikin 28,29. Dukansu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsawon tarihin masarautar17. Wuraren kayan tarihi na Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata suna cikin kwarin Inkisi da ke arewacin masarautar kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da Masarautar ta fara mamayewa. Ubannin da suka kafa masarautar.Mbanza Nsundi, babban birnin lardi mai rugujewar Jindoki, a al'adance sarakunan Kongo ne suka gaje su 17, 18, 30. Lardin Mbata yana da tazarar 31 a gabashin kogin Inkisi. Sarakunan Mbata ( kuma har zuwa wani lokaci Soyo) suna da gata na tarihi na kasancewar su kaɗai ne aka zaɓa daga masu sarautar gida bisa gadi, ba wasu lardunan da dangin sarki ke naɗa masu mulki ba, wanda ke nufin mafi girma na ruwa 18,26.Ko da yake ba lardin ba. Babban birnin Mbata, Ngongo Mbata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kalla a cikin karni na 17. Saboda matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyar sadarwa, Ngongo Mbata ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban lardin a matsayin muhimmiyar kasuwar ciniki16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
Masarautar Kongo da manyan lardunanta shida (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) a ƙarni na sha shida da na sha bakwai. An nuna wuraren uku da aka tattauna a cikin wannan binciken (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata) akan taswira.
Har zuwa shekaru goma da suka wuce, ilimin archaeological na Masarautar Kongo yana da iyaka33. Mafi yawan fahimtar tarihin masarautar sun dogara ne akan al'adun baka na gida da kuma rubutattun madogara daga Afirka da Turai16,17. Tsarin lokaci na lokaci a yankin Kongo ya rabu kuma bai cika ba saboda ga rashin tsarin nazarin ilimin archaeological34. Binciken archaeological tun daga 2011 ya yi niyya don cika waɗannan gibin kuma sun gano mahimman tsari, fasali da kayan tarihi. Daga cikin waɗannan binciken, tukwane ba shakka shine mafi mahimmanci29,30,31,32,35,36. Tare da Game da Zamanin ƙarfe a Afirka ta Tsakiya, ayyukan archaeological kamar na yanzu ba su da yawa37,38.
Mun gabatar da sakamakon ma'adinai, geochemical da petological nazari na wani sa na tukwane gutsuttsura daga sassa uku da aka tono na Masarautar Kongo (duba archaeological bayanai a Ƙarin Material 2) Samfuran mallakar nau'in tukwane guda hudu (Fig. 2). daya daga Tsarin Jindoji da uku daga Tsarin Sarki Kong 30, 31, 35. Ƙungiyar Kindoki ta samo asali ne tun zamanin Mulkin Farko (14th zuwa tsakiyar 15th century).Na wuraren da aka tattauna a wannan binciken, Kindoki (n = 31). ) shi ne kawai shafin da ya nuna Kindoki grouping30,35. Nau'i uku na Kongo Groups - Nau'in A, Nau'in C, da kuma Nau'in D - kwanan baya ga marigayi mulkin (16th-18th ƙarni) kuma ya wanzu lokaci guda a cikin uku archaeological shafukan da aka yi la'akari a nan30 , 31, 35. Kongo Type C tukwane da suke da yawa a duk wurare uku. Ya kamata a yi amfani da tukwane kawai don amfanin gida - kamar yadda ba a taɓa samun su a cikin binnewa ba har zuwa yau - kuma ana danganta su da takamaiman rukunin masu amfani30,31,35. Har ila yau, guntuwar su suna bayyana a cikin ƙananan lambobi kawai.Tupe A da D tukwane. Ya nuna irin wannan rabon sararin samaniya a wuraren Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata30,31. A Ngongo Mbata, ya zuwa yanzu, akwai guntuwar Kongo Type C guda 37,013, daga cikinsu akwai guntuwar Kongo Type A guda 193 da guntuwar Kongo Type D31 guda 168.
Misalai na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tukwane na Masarautar Kongo da aka tattauna a cikin wannan binciken (Rukunin Kindoki da Ƙungiyar Kongo: Nau'in A, C, da D);Hoton hoto na bayyanarsu na tsawon lokaci a kowane rukunin kayan tarihi na Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Canja wurin Matsa lamba Scanning Electron Microscope tare da Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) da Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled Mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) an yi amfani da shi don magance tambayoyi game da yuwuwar tushen albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa da dabarun samarwa.Manufarmu ita ce gano al'adun yumbura da haɗa su zuwa wasu hanyoyin samarwa, don haka samar da sabon hangen nesa kan tsarin zamantakewa na ɗaya. daga cikin fitattun kungiyoyin siyasa a Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Batun Masarautar Kongo yana da ƙalubale musamman don nazarin tushe saboda bambance-bambance da ƙayyadaddun yanayin nunin geological na gida (Fig. 3) .Za a iya gane ilimin geology na yanki ta hanyar kasancewar dan kadan zuwa jerin abubuwan da ba a daidaita su ba da kuma metamorphic jerin da aka sani da suna. the Western Kong Supergroup.A cikin tsarin kasa zuwa sama, jeri yana farawa tare da rhythmically canza tsarin quartzite-claystone a cikin Tsarin Sansikwa, sannan Haut Shiloango Formation ya biyo baya, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar carbonate stromatolite, kuma a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. silica Diatomaceous duniya Kwayoyin da aka gano a kusa da kasa da kuma saman kungiyar.The Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group ne a carbonate-argillite taro tare da wasu Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization.Wannan tsarin halittar geological yana nuna wani sabon tsari ta hanyar rashin ƙarfi digenesis na magnesia yumbu ko magnesia yumbu. kadan canji na talc-samar dolomite.Wannan sakamakon a gaban duka biyu alli da talc ma'adinai kafofin.The naúrar da aka rufe da Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group kunshe da yashi-argillaceous ja gadaje.
Taswirar Geological na yankin binciken.An nuna wuraren binciken kayan tarihi guda uku akan taswirar (Mbanza Kongo, Jindoki da Ngongombata).Da'irar da ke kusa da wurin tana wakiltar radius na kilomita 7, wanda yayi daidai da yiwuwar amfani da tushe na 84%2. Taswirar yana nufin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da Angola, kuma ana alamar iyakoki. Taswirar ƙasa (siffar sifofi a cikin Ƙarin 11) an ƙirƙira su a cikin software na ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (shafin yanar gizon: https://www.arcgis.com/), tantancewa. Angolan41 da Kongo 42,65 Taswirar Geological (fayil ɗin raster), ta amfani da Ƙirƙirar ƙira daban-daban.
Sama da sedimentary katsewa, Cretaceous raka'a kunshi nahiyar sedimentary duwatsu irin su sandstone da claystone.Narby, wannan geological samuwar da aka sani da sakandare depositional tushen lu'u-lu'u bayan yashwa da Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.Babu sauran igneous da high-sa metamorphic. an samu labarin duwatsu a wannan yanki.
Yankin da ke kusa da Mbanza Kongo yana da alaƙa da kasancewar ƙwanƙolin ƙira da sinadarai a kan yanayin Precambrian, galibi dutsen farar ƙasa da dolomite daga Tsarin Schisto-Calcaire da slate, quartzite da ashwag daga Haut Shiloango Formation. shine Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock da limestone, slate da chert an lulluɓe shi da feldspar quartzite na Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata yana cikin kunkuntar Schisto-Greseux dutsen bel tsakanin tsohuwar ƙungiyar Schisto-Calcaire da kuma kusa da Cretaceous ja sandstone42. Bugu da kari, an bayar da rahoton wata majiyar Kimberlite mai suna Kimpangu a cikin yankin Ngongo Mbata kusa da craton a yankin Lower Kongo.
Sakamakon ƙananan ma'auni na manyan ma'adinai na ma'adinai da aka samu ta XRD an nuna su a cikin Table 1, kuma ana nuna alamun XRD wakilin a cikin Hoto 4.Quartz (SiO2) shine babban ma'adinan ma'adinai, akai-akai hade da potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) da mica. .[Misali, KAl2 (Si3Al) O12 (OH) 2], da/ko talc [Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2].Ma'adinan plagioclase [XAl (1-2) Si (3-2) O8, X = Na ko Ca] (watau sodium da/ko anorthite) da amphibole [(X)(0-3)[(Z)(5-7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] suna da alaka da crystalline matakai, Yawancin lokaci akwai mica.Amphibole yawanci ba ya nan daga talc.
Alamar XRD ta wakilcin Kongo Masarautar tukwane, dangane da manyan matakai na crystalline, daidai da nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi: (i) abubuwan da ke da wadatar talc da aka ci karo da su a cikin rukunin Kindoki da samfuran Kongo Type C, (ii) wadataccen talc da aka ci karo da su a cikin samfuran abubuwan da ke ɗauke da ma'adini. Rukunin Kindoki da samfuran Kongo Type C, (iii) abubuwan arziki na feldspar a cikin nau'in Kongo Nau'in A da samfuran Kongo D, (iv) abubuwan da ke da wadatar mica a cikin nau'in Kongo A da samfuran Kongo D, (v) Abubuwan wadatar Amphibole sun haɗu a cikin samfuran daga Kongo Type A da Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, ko potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Siffar XRD da ba za a iya bambanta talc Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2 da pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10 (OH) 2 suna buƙatar ƙarin dabara don gano kasancewar su, rashi ko yuwuwar zaman tare.TGA an yi shi akan samfuran wakilai guda uku (MBK_S.14, KDK_S_13 da KDK) 20) .TG masu lanƙwasa (Ƙarin 3) sun kasance daidai da kasancewar talc ma'adinai lokaci da kuma rashin pyrophyllite.The dehydroxylation da tsarin bazuwar da aka lura tsakanin 850 da 1000 ° C daidai da talc. Ba a sami asarar taro tsakanin 650 da 850 °C, yana nuna rashin pyrophyllite44.
A matsayin ƙaramin lokaci, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe + 2, Fe + 3) 3 [(Al, Si) 4O10] (OH) 2 4H2O], ƙaddara ta hanyar bincike na jimlar jimlar samfuran wakilai, kololuwa Located a 16-7 Å, an gano shi a cikin rukunin Kindoki da samfuran Nau'in A na Kongo.
Samfuran nau'in rukuni na Kindoki da aka dawo dasu daga faffadan yanki da ke kusa da Kindoki sun nuna ma'adinan ma'adinai da ke nuna kasancewar talc, yawan ma'adini da mica, da kasancewar potassium feldspar.
Ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na Kongo Type A samfurori yana nuna kasancewar babban adadin ma'adini-mica nau'i-nau'i a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban da kuma kasancewar potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, da mica. Yawan amphibole da feldspar suna nuna irin wannan rukuni, musamman a cikin samfurin Kong-A a Jindoki da Ngongombata.
Samfurori na nau'in Kongo na C suna nuna nau'in ma'adinai daban-daban a cikin nau'in nau'in, wanda ya dogara sosai akan wurin binciken archaeological. Samfuran daga Ngongo Mbata suna da wadata a ma'adini kuma suna nuna daidaitaccen abun da ke ciki. daga Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki, amma a waɗannan lokuta wasu samfurori suna da wadata a talc da mica.
Kongo nau'in D yana da nau'in ma'adinan ma'adinai na musamman a cikin dukkanin wuraren archaeological guda uku. Feldspar, musamman plagioclase, yana da yawa a cikin wannan nau'in tukwane.Amphibole yakan kasance a yalwace. Wakilin ma'adini da mica. Yawan dangi ya bambanta tsakanin samfurori. An gano Talc a cikin amphibole. - gutsuttsura masu wadata na nau'in rukunin Mbanza Kongo.
Babban ma'adanai masu zafi da aka gano ta hanyar bincike na petrographic sune ma'adini, feldspar, mica da amphibole. Rock inclusions sun ƙunshi gutsuttsura na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki da kuma high-grade metamorphic, igneous da sedimentary rocks. Fabric data samu ta amfani da Orton45's reference chart yana nuna matsayi na jihar daga matalauta. zuwa mai kyau, tare da ma'aunin matrix na jihar daga 5% zuwa 50% Hatsi masu zafi suna daga zagaye zuwa kusurwa ba tare da fifikon fifiko ba.
Rukunin lithofacies guda biyar (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, da PGe) an bambanta su bisa ga sauye-sauye na tsarin da ma'adinai.PGa rukuni: ƙananan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun matrix (5-10%), matrix mai kyau, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da dutsen metamorphic na sedimentary (5-10%). Hoto 5a);Ƙungiyar PGb: babban adadin matrix mai zafi (20% -30%), matrix mai zafi Rarraba wuta ba ta da kyau, hatsi masu zafi suna angular, kuma tsakiyar da manyan duwatsu na metamorphic suna da babban abun ciki na silicate, mica da babba. hadaddiyar dutse (Fig. 5b);Ƙungiyar PGc: ingantacciyar ma'auni mai girma na matrix mai zafi (20 -40%), mai kyau zuwa yanayin zafi mai kyau, ƙarami zuwa ƙananan ƙananan hatsi mai laushi, yalwar ƙwayar ma'adini mai yawa, ɓangarorin lokaci-lokaci (c a cikin Fig. 5);Ƙungiya ta PGd: ƙananan rabo Matrix mai zafi (5-20 ​%), tare da ƙananan hatsi masu zafi, manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa da dutsen, rarraba mara kyau, da matrix mai kyau (d a cikin siffa 5);da kuma ƙungiyar PGe: babban adadin matrix mai zafi (40-50%), mai kyau zuwa yanayin zafi mai kyau, nau'i biyu na nau'in hatsi da nau'o'in ma'adinai daban-daban dangane da yanayin zafi (Fig. 5, e) . Hoto 5 yana nuna wakilin mai gani na gani. micrograph na rukunin petrographic.Nazarin gani na samfuran ya haifar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin nau'in rarrabuwa da saiti na petrographic, musamman a cikin samfuran Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata (duba Ƙarin 4 don ɗimbin hotuna na wakilai na duk saitin samfurin).
Wakilan micrographs na gani na yanki na tukunyar tukunyar Masarautar Kongo;rubutattun wasiƙu tsakanin ƙungiyoyin petrographic da nau'ikan rubutu.(a) rukunin PGA, (b) ƙungiyar PGB, (c) ƙungiyar PGc, (d) ƙungiyar PGd da (e) ƙungiyar PGe.
Samfurin Samfurin Kindoki ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun dutsen da ke da alaƙa da tsarin PGA. Samfuran nau'in Kongo A suna da alaƙa sosai tare da PGb lithofacies, sai dai samfurin Kongo A-type NBC_S.4 Kongo-A daga Ngongo Mbata, wanda shine masu alaka da kungiyar Pge wajen yin oda.Mafi yawan samfuran Kongo C-nau'in daga Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata, da Kongo C-nau'in samfurin MBK_S.21 da MBK_S.23 daga Mbanza Kongo sun kasance cikin rukunin PGc. Duk da haka, Kongo Nau'in C da yawa. samfurori suna nuna fasalulluka na sauran lithofacies.Kongo C-nau'in samfurori MBK_S.17 da NBC_S.13 gabatar da halayen rubutun da suka danganci kungiyoyin Pge.Kongo C-nau'in samfurori MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 da MBK_S.14 suna samar da rukunin lithofacies guda ɗaya PGd, yayin da Kongo C-type samfurori KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 da KDK_S.25 suna da irin wannan kaddarorin zuwa rukunin PGb.Kongo Type C samfurin MBK_S.14 za a iya la'akari da wani outlier saboda ta porous clast texture.Kusan duk samfurori na zuwa ga PGb. Nau'in Kongo D-nau'in yana da alaƙa da PGe lithofacies, sai dai samfuran Kongo D-nau'in MBK_S.7 da MBK_S.15 daga Mbanza Kongo, waɗanda ke nuna hatsi mai girma tare da ƙananan ƙananan (30%), kusa da ƙungiyar PGc.
VP-SEM-EDS sun bincika samfurori daga wuraren binciken archaeological guda uku don kwatanta rarrabuwa na farko da kuma ƙayyade babban abun da ke ciki na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i. rutile), titanium baƙin ƙarfe oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) da kuma perovskite neosilicates (garnet) .Silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, baƙin ƙarfe da magnesium su ne mafi na kowa sinadaran abubuwa a cikin matrix.The consistently high. abun ciki na magnesium a cikin Kindoki Formation da Kongo A-type basins za a iya bayyana su ta wurin kasancewar talc ko magnesium yumbu ma'adanai. Bisa ga binciken farko, da feldspar hatsi yafi dacewa da potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, da kuma lokaci-lokaci labradorite da anorthite (Kari. 5, Siffar S8-S10), yayin da hatsi na amphibole su ne tremolite Stone, actinite, a cikin yanayin Kongo Type A samfurin NBC_S.3, dutse leaf ja. An lura da bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin abun da ke cikin amphibole (Fig.6) a cikin Kongo A-type (tremolite) da Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite) .Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wuraren tarihi guda uku, ƙwayoyin ilmenite suna da alaƙa da samfuran nau'in D. Ana samun babban abun ciki na manganese a cikin hatsi ilmenite. , wannan bai canza tsarin maye gurbinsu na ƙarfe-titanium (Fe-Ti) ba (duba Ƙarin 5, Hoto S11).
Bayanan VP-SEM-EDS.Tsarin zane na ternary wanda ke kwatanta nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibole tsakanin Kongo Type A da tankunan Kongo D akan samfuran da aka zaɓa daga Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), da Ngongo Mbata (NBC);alamomin rufaffiyar ta nau'in ƙungiyoyi.
Dangane da sakamakon XRD, quartz da potassium feldspar sune manyan ma'adanai a cikin samfuran Kongo nau'in C, yayin da kasancewar quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite da tremolite sune halayen Kongo nau'in samfuran A.Kongo D-nau'in samfuran sun nuna cewa quartz , potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite da actinite sune manyan ma'adinan ma'adinai.Kongo nau'in samfurin NBC_S.3 za a iya la'akari da shi a matsayin mai fita saboda plagioclase shine labradorite, amphibole shine orthopamphibole, kuma an rubuta kasancewar ilmenite.Kongo C- nau'in samfurin NBC_S.14 kuma ya ƙunshi hatsi ilmenite (Ƙarin 5, Figures S12-S15).
An gudanar da bincike na XRF akan samfurori na wakilci daga wurare uku na archaeological don ƙayyade manyan kungiyoyi masu mahimmanci. An jera manyan abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin Tebura 2. An nuna samfurorin da aka bincikar sun kasance masu arziki a cikin silica da alumina, tare da ƙwayoyin calcium oxide a kasa 6%. Ana danganta maida hankali na magnesium zuwa kasancewar talc, wanda ke da alaƙa da oxides na silicon da aluminum oxide.Mafi girman sodium oxide da calcium oxide abun ciki sun dace da yawan plagioclase.
Samfurori na rukuni na Kindoki da aka samo daga shafin Kindoki sun nuna mahimmancin wadataccen magnesia (8-10%) saboda kasancewar talc.Potassium oxide matakan a cikin irin wannan rukuni ya fito daga 1.5 zuwa 2.5%, da sodium (<0.2%) da calcium oxide. (< 0.4%) ƙididdiga sun kasance ƙasa.
Yawan adadin baƙin ƙarfe oxides (7.5-9%) wani abu ne na kowa na Kongo A-type tukwane. Nau'in Kongo A samfurori daga Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki sun nuna mafi girma na potassium (3.5-4.5%). Babban abun ciki na magnesium oxide (3) -5%) Ya bambanta samfurin Ngono MBata daga wasu samfurori na rukunin ƙarfe iri ɗaya.cs.4 Nau'in taro na ampides, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar na ampides na ampibba, wanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar NBC_s. 3 ya nuna babban taro na manganese (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) yana mamaye abubuwan da ke tattare da nau'in nau'in nau'in Kongo C, wanda ke da alaƙa da abun ciki na quartz da aka ƙaddara ta XRD da petrography.Low sodium (<0.5%) da calcium (0.2-0.6%) an lura da abun ciki. Matsakaicin mafi girma na magnesium oxide (13.9 da 20.7%, bi da bi) da ƙananan ƙarfe oxide a cikin MBK_S.14 da KDK_S.20 samfurori sun dace da ma'adinan talc mai yawa. Samfuran MBK_S.9 da KDK_S.19 na wannan rukuni sun nuna ƙananan ƙananan silica. kuma mafi girma sodium, magnesium, calcium da Iron oxide abun ciki.Mafi girma taro na titanium dioxide (1.5%) bambanta Kongo Type C samfurin MBK_S.9.
Bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke ciki yana nuna samfuran Kongo Type D, yana nuna ƙananan abun ciki na silica da ingantacciyar adadin sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), da potassium oxide a cikin kewayon 44% zuwa 63% (1- 5%) saboda kasancewar feldspar. Bugu da ƙari, an lura da abun ciki na titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) a cikin irin wannan rukuni. .23 yana hade da mafi girman abun ciki na magnesium oxide, wanda ya dace da rinjaye na amphibole.An gano babban adadin manganese oxide a cikin duk samfurori na Kongo D.
Babban mahimman bayanai sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin calcium da baƙin ƙarfe oxides a cikin Kongo nau'in A da D tankuna, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar sodium oxide.Game da abubuwan da aka gano (Ƙarin 6, Table S1), yawancin samfuran Kongo D-nau'in su ne. mai arziki a cikin zirconium tare da matsakaicin matsakaici tare da strontium.Rb-Sr mãkirci (Fig. 7) yana nuna haɗin tsakanin strontium da Kongo D-nau'in tankuna, da kuma tsakanin rubidium da Kongo A-nau'in tankuna. Dukansu Kindoki Group da Kongo Type C ceramics duka abubuwan biyu sun ƙare.(Dubi Ƙarin 6, Figures S16-S19).
Bayanan XRF. Scatter mãkirci Rb-Sr, samfurori da aka zaɓa daga kwandunan Masarautar Kongo, masu launi na nau'in nau'in nau'i. Hoton yana nuna daidaituwa tsakanin Kongo D-type tank da strontium da tsakanin Kongo A-type tank da rubidium.
Wani samfurin wakilci daga Mbanza Kongo ICP-MS ya bincikar shi don ƙayyade abubuwan ganowa da abubuwan da aka gano, da kuma nazarin rarraba tsarin REE tsakanin nau'ikan nau'ikan. Samfuran da Kongo Type D samfurori MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, da MBK_S.25 suna da wadata a cikin thorium. Kongo A-nau'in gwangwani suna ba da babban adadin zinc kuma suna wadatar da rubidium, yayin da gwangwani na Kongo D suna nuna babban taro na strontium, yana tabbatar da sakamakon XRF (Ƙarin 7, Figures S21-S23) .La / Yb-Sm / Yb mãkirci yana kwatanta daidaituwa kuma yana nuna babban abun ciki na lanthanum a cikin samfurin Kongo D-tank (Hoto 8).
Bayanan ICP-MS.Scatter mãkirci na La/Yb-Sm/Yb, samfurori da aka zaɓa daga cikin kwandon Masarautar Kongo, masu launi ta nau'in rukuni. Nau'in Kongo Nau'in C samfurin MBK_S.14 ba a nuna shi a cikin adadi ba.
REEs normalized by NASC47 an gabatar da su a cikin nau'i na gizo-gizo mãkirci (Fig. 9) .Sakamakon nuna wani enrichment na haske rare duniya abubuwa (LREEs), musamman a cikin samfurori daga Kongo A-type da D-type tankuna.Kongo Type C. Ya nuna mafi girman sãɓãwar launukansa. Kyakkyawan europium anomaly sifa ce ta Kongo D, kuma babban cerium anomaly halin Kongo A nau'in.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi nazarin wani nau'i na yumbu daga wurare uku na tsakiyar Afirka ta tsakiya da ke da alaƙa da Masarautar Kongo na ƙungiyoyin rubutu daban-daban, wato ƙungiyoyin Jindoki da Kongo. Ƙungiyar Jinduomu tana wakiltar wani lokaci na farko (lokacin farko) kuma ya wanzu ne kawai. A wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Jinduomu.Rukunin Kongo-nau'o'in A, C, da D-suna wanzu a cikin wuraren binciken kayan tarihi guda uku a lokaci guda.Tarihin rukunin King Kong na iya komawa zuwa zamanin masarauta.Yana wakiltar zamanin haɗin gwiwa da Turai da musayar. kayayyaki a ciki da wajen Masarautar Kongo, kamar yadda aka yi shekaru aru-aru.An samu hotunan yatsa na rubutu da na dutse ta hanyar nazari da yawa.Wannan shi ne karon farko da Afirka ta tsakiya ta yi amfani da irin wannan yarjejeniya.
Ƙirar Kindoki ta daidaitaccen tsari da tsarin dutsen yatsa yana nuna samfuran Kindoki na musamman. Ƙungiyar Kindoki na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da lokacin da Nsondi ya kasance yanki mai zaman kansa na Kongo Bakwai dia Nlaza28,29. Kasancewar talc da vermiculite (samfurin mai ƙarancin zafi na talc weathering) a cikin Jinduoji Group ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da kayan aiki na gida, kamar yadda talc ya kasance a cikin matrix geological matrix na Jinduoji site, a cikin Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Halayen masana'anta na wannan nau'in tukunyar da aka lura ta hanyar bincike na rubutu suna nuna rashin ci gaba da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa.
Tukwane nau'in Kongo A sun nuna bambance-bambancen intra- da tsaka-tsaki.Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki suna da yawa a cikin potassium da calcium oxides, yayin da Ngongo Mbata yana da yawa a cikin magnesium. Duk da haka, wasu siffofi na yau da kullun sun bambanta su da sauran ƙungiyoyin rubutu. mafi daidaituwa a cikin masana'anta, wanda aka yiwa alama ta manna mica. Ba kamar nau'in Kongo na C ba, suna nuna babban abun ciki na feldspar, amphibole da baƙin ƙarfe oxide. Babban abun ciki na mica da kasancewar amphibole na tremolite ya bambanta su daga basin Kongo D-type. , inda aka gano amphibole actinolite.
Kongo Nau'in C kuma yana gabatar da canje-canje a cikin ma'adinan ma'adinai da sinadarai da halayen masana'anta na wuraren wuraren archaeological guda uku da kuma tsakanin su. Wannan bambance-bambancen ana danganta shi da amfani da duk wani tushen albarkatun kasa da ke kusa da kowane wurin samarwa / wurin cin abinci. Duk da haka, an sami kamanni mai salo. baya ga tweaks fasaha na gida.
Kongo D-nau'in yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da babban taro na titanium oxides, wanda aka danganta da kasancewar ma'adinan ilmenite (Ƙarin 6, Fig. S20) Babban abun ciki na manganese na ƙwayar ilmenite da aka bincika yana danganta su da manganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), wani nau'i na musamman wanda ya dace da tsarin kimberlite48,49. Kasancewar Cretaceous continental sedimentary rocks-tushen ajiyar lu'u-lu'u na biyu bayan yashewar tubes kimberlite pre-Cretaceous42-da kuma rahoton Kimberlite filin Kimberlite a cikin Lower Kongo43 ya ba da shawarar cewa Faɗin yankin Ngongo Mbata na iya zama ƙasar Kongo (DRC) Tushen albarkatun ƙasa don samar da nau'in tukwane na D. Wannan yana ƙara goyan bayan gano ilmenite a cikin samfurin Kongo Type A ɗaya da samfurin Kongo Type C guda ɗaya a wurin Ngongo Mbata.
Bayanan VP-SEM-EDS.MgO-MnO ya watsar da makirci, samfurori da aka zaɓa daga Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) da Ngongo Mbata (NBC) tare da ƙwayar ilmenite da aka gano, yana nuna manganese-titanium ferromanganese dangane da binciken Kaminsky da Belousova. Nawa (Mn-ilmenites).
Kyakkyawan abubuwan da aka gani na Europium da aka lura a cikin yanayin REE na Kongo D-type tank (duba Hoto 9), musamman a cikin samfurori tare da hatsin da aka gano (misali, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, da MBK_S.24) , mai yiwuwa hade da ultrabasic igneous. duwatsu masu arziki a cikin anorthite da kuma riƙe Eu2 +. Wannan rarraba REE na iya kuma bayyana babban adadin strontium da aka samu a cikin nau'in nau'in Kongo D (duba siffa 6) saboda strontium ya maye gurbin calcium50 a cikin ma'adinan Ca. Babban abun ciki na lanthanum (Fig. 8). ) da haɓakar haɓakawa na LREEs (Fig. 9) ana iya danganta su ga ultrabasic igneous duwatsu kamar kimberlite-kamar geological formations51.
Halayen ƙera na musamman na tukwane mai siffar Kongo D suna danganta su zuwa takamaiman tushen albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma kamanceceniya tsakanin rukunin yanar gizo na wannan nau'in, yana nuna cibiyar samarwa ta musamman don tukwane mai siffar Kongo D. takamaiman na abun da ke ciki, da tempered barbashi size rarraba Kongo D irin sakamakon a cikin sosai wuya yumbu articles da kuma nuna niyya albarkatun kasa aiki da kuma ci-gaba da fasaha ilmi a cikin samar da tukwane52.This siffa ne na musamman da kuma kara goyon bayan fassarar irin wannan a matsayin Game da wannan samarwa, Clist et al29 yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya kasancewa sakamakon hulɗar da ke tsakanin masu yin tayal ta Portugal da masu tukwane na Kongo, kamar yadda irin wannan sanin-yadda ba a taɓa saduwa da shi ba a lokacin mulkin da kuma a baya.
Rashin sababbin matakan ma'adinai da aka kafa a cikin samfurori daga kowane nau'i na kungiyoyi yana nuna aikace-aikacen ƙananan zafin jiki (< 950 ° C), wanda kuma ya dace da nazarin ethnoarchaeological da aka gudanar a wannan yanki53,54. Bugu da ƙari, rashin hematite. da duhun launi na wasu guntun tukwane saboda raguwar harbe-harbe ko bayan harbe-harbe4,55.Binciken kabilanci a yankin ya nuna kaddarorin sarrafa gobara a lokacin masana'antar tukwane55.Launuka masu duhu, galibi ana samun su a cikin tukwane mai siffar Kongo D. Haɗe da masu amfani da aka yi niyya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan adon su. Bayanai na ƙabilanci a cikin faɗuwar yanayin Afirka sun goyi bayan wannan ikirari, saboda baƙaƙen kwalba galibi ana ɗaukar su suna da takamaiman ma'anoni na alama.
Ƙarƙashin ƙwayar calcium a cikin samfurori, rashin carbonates da / ko sababbin nau'o'in ma'adinai da aka samo asali an danganta su ga yanayin rashin daidaituwa na yumbu57. Wannan tambaya yana da sha'awa ta musamman ga samfurori masu arziki na talc (yafi Kindoki Group da kuma). Kongo Type C basins) saboda duka carbonate da talc suna nan a cikin gida carbonate-argillaceous taro-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.The niyya sourcing na wasu nau'i na albarkatun kasa daga iri daya geological samuwar yana nuna ci-gaba fasaha ilimi alaka da halin rashin dacewa na yumbu mai kalori lokacin da aka harbe shi a ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Baya ga bambance-bambancen tsarin intra- da tsaka-tsaki da tsarin dutse na tukunyar Kongo C, yawan buƙatar amfani da kayan dafa abinci ya ba mu damar sanya samar da tukunyar Kongo C a matakin al'umma. Duk da haka, abubuwan quartz a yawancin Kongo Samfuran nau'in C-nau'in suna nuna matakin daidaito a cikin samar da tukwane a cikin masarauta.Ya nuna kyakkyawan zaɓi na albarkatun ƙasa da ilimin fasaha na ci gaba da ke da alaƙa da dacewa da aikin da ya dace na Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Quartz tempering da kayan da ba su da alli suna nunawa. zaɓin albarkatun ƙasa da sarrafa su kuma sun dogara da buƙatun aikin fasaha.