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Al'adun tukwane suna nuna tsarin tattalin arziki na al'adun da suka gabata, yayin da rarraba sararin samaniya na tukwane ke nuna tsarin sadarwa da hanyoyin hulɗa. Ana amfani da kayayyaki da kimiyyar ƙasa a nan don tantance samowa, zaɓi da sarrafa kayan masarufi. Masarautar Kongo, wacce aka san ta a duniya tun ƙarshen ƙarni na sha biyar, tana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ƙasashen da suka taɓa mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Duk da cewa yawancin binciken tarihi ya dogara ne akan tarihin Afirka da Turai na baki da na rubuce-rubuce, har yanzu akwai gibi mai yawa a cikin fahimtarmu ta yanzu game da wannan ɓangaren siyasa. A nan muna ba da sabbin fahimta game da samarwa da yaɗuwar tukwane a Masarautar Kongo. Yin amfani da hanyoyi da yawa na nazari kan samfuran da aka zaɓa, kamar XRD, TGA, nazarin petrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS da ICP-MS, mun ƙayyade halayensu na petrographic, ma'adanai da geochemical. Sakamakonmu yana ba mu damar haɗa abubuwan tarihi da kayan halitta da kuma kafa al'adun yumbu. Mun gano samfuran samarwa, tsarin musanya, rarrabawa da hanyoyin hulɗa na kayayyaki masu inganci ta hanyar yaɗa ilimin fasaha. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa tsakiyar siyasa a yankin Lower Congo na Afirka ta Tsakiya yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan samar da tukwane da zagayawar wurare. Muna fatan bincikenmu zai samar da kyakkyawan tushe don ƙarin nazarin kwatantawa don fahimtar wannan yanki.
Yin tukwane da amfani da shi ya kasance babban aiki a cikin al'adu da yawa, kuma yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa ya yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin samarwa da kuma tsarin yin waɗannan abubuwa1,2. A cikin wannan tsarin, binciken yumbu zai iya haɓaka fahimtarmu game da al'ummomin da suka gabata3,4. Ta hanyar bincika yumbu na tarihi, za mu iya haɗa kaddarorinsu da takamaiman al'adun yumbu da kuma tsarin samarwa daga baya1,4,5. Kamar yadda Matson6 ya nuna, bisa ga ilimin halittu na yumbu, zaɓin kayan masarufi yana da alaƙa da samuwar albarkatun ƙasa a sarari. Bugu da ƙari, la'akari da nazarin shari'o'in al'adu daban-daban, Whitbread2 yana nufin yiwuwar haɓaka albarkatu 84% a cikin radius 7km na asalin yumbu, idan aka kwatanta da yiwuwar 80% a cikin radius 3km a Afirka7. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci kada a yi watsi da dogaro da ƙungiyoyin samarwa akan abubuwan fasaha2,3. Za a iya bincika zaɓin fasaha ta hanyar bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin kayan aiki, dabaru da ilimin fasaha3,8,9. Jerin irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka na iya ayyana takamaiman al'adar yumbu. A wannan lokacin, haɗa ilimin kayan tarihi cikin bincike ya ba da gudummawa sosai. don fahimtar al'ummomin da suka gabata3,10,11,12. Amfani da hanyoyin nazari da yawa na iya magance tambayoyi game da dukkan matakai da ke tattare da ayyukan sarka, kamar haɓaka albarkatun ƙasa da zaɓin kayan masarufi, saye da sarrafawa3,10,11,12.
Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan Masarautar Kongo, ɗaya daga cikin manyan gwamnatoci masu tasiri da suka bunƙasa a Afirka ta Tsakiya. Kafin zuwan ƙasar zamani, Afirka ta Tsakiya ta ƙunshi wani tsari mai rikitarwa na zamantakewa da siyasa wanda ke da manyan bambance-bambancen al'adu da siyasa, tare da tsare-tsare tun daga ƙananan fannoni na siyasa da suka rabu zuwa fannoni masu rikitarwa da kuma masu rikitarwa.13,14,15. A cikin wannan yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa, ana tsammanin an kafa Masarautar Kongo a ƙarni na 14 ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi uku masu maƙwabtaka.16, 17. A lokacin da take kan gaba, ta mamaye yanki kusan daidai da yankin da ke tsakanin Tekun Atlantika zuwa yammacin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo ta yanzu (DRC) da Kogin Cuango a gabas, da kuma yankin arewacin Angola a yau. Latitude of Luanda. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin da ya fi girma a lokacin da take kan gaba kuma ta fuskanci ci gaba zuwa ga mafi rikitarwa da kuma tsakiya har zuwa 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 na ƙarni na sha takwas. Rarraba zamantakewa, kuɗi na gama gari, haraji tsarin, takamaiman rarraba ma'aikata, da cinikin bayi18, 19 suna nuna tsarin tattalin arzikin siyasa na Earle22. Tun daga kafuwarta har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, Masarautar Kongo ta faɗaɗa sosai, kuma daga 1483 zuwa gaba ta kafa dangantaka mai ƙarfi da Turai, kuma ta wannan hanyar ta shiga cikin cinikin Atlantika 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ƙarin bayani Duba Ƙarin Bayani na 1) don bayanai na tarihi.
An yi amfani da hanyoyin kayan aiki da kimiyyar ƙasa ga kayayyakin tarihi na yumbu daga wurare uku na tarihi a Masarautar Kongo, inda aka gudanar da tono a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, wato Mbanza Kongo a Angola da Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (Hoto na 1) (duba Ƙarin Tebur na 1). 2 a cikin bayanan tarihi). Mbanza Congo, wacce aka rubuta kwanan nan a cikin Jerin Gado na Duniya na UNESCO, tana cikin lardin Mpemba na tsohuwar gwamnatin. Tana kan wani babban tudu a tsakiyar mahadar hanyoyin kasuwanci mafi mahimmanci, ita ce babban birnin siyasa da gudanarwa na masarautar kuma wurin zama na gadon sarautar sarki. Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata suna cikin lardunan Nsundi da Mbata, bi da bi, waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance ɓangare na masarautu bakwai na Kongo dia Nlaza kafin a kafa masarautar - ɗaya daga cikin haɗin gwiwar gwamnatoci28,29. Dukansu sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tarihin masarautar17. Wuraren tarihi na Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata suna cikin kwarin Inkisi a arewacin masarautar kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin yankuna na farko da kakannin da suka kafa masarautar suka ci. Mbanza Nsundi, babban birnin lardin tare da kango na Jindoki, al'ada ce ta magajin sarakunan Kongo na baya-bayan nan 17, 18, 30. Lardin Mbata galibi yana da 31 gabas na Kogin Inkisi. Sarakunan Mbata (kuma har zuwa wani mataki Soyo) suna da gata na tarihi na zama waɗanda aka zaɓa daga manyan mutane na gida ta hanyar maye gurbinsu, ba wasu lardunan da dangin sarki ke naɗa sarakuna ba, wanda ke nufin mafi yawan kuɗi 18,26. Ko da yake ba babban birnin lardin Mbata ba ne, Ngongo Mbata ta taka muhimmiyar rawa aƙalla a ƙarni na 17. Saboda matsayinta na dabarun sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta kasuwanci, Ngongo Mbata ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban lardin a matsayin muhimmiyar kasuwar ciniki 16,17,18,26,31,32.
Masarautar Kongo da manyan lardunanta shida (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) a ƙarni na sha shida da sha bakwai. An nuna wurare uku da aka tattauna a cikin wannan binciken (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata) a taswirar.
Har zuwa shekaru goma da suka gabata, ilimin kayan tarihi game da Masarautar Kongo ya kasance kaɗan33. Yawancin fahimta game da tarihin masarautar sun dogara ne akan al'adun baki na gida da kuma rubuce-rubuce daga Afirka da Turai16,17. Jerin abubuwan da suka faru a yankin Kongo ya rabu kuma bai cika ba saboda rashin nazarin kayan tarihi na tsari34. Hako kayan tarihi tun daga 2011 sun yi nufin cike waɗannan gibin kuma sun gano muhimman gine-gine, siffofi da kayan tarihi. Daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano, babu shakka tarin tukwane shine mafi mahimmanci29,30,31,32,35,36. Dangane da Zamanin ƙarfe a Afirka ta Tsakiya, ayyukan kayan tarihi kamar na yanzu ba su da yawa37,38.
Mun gabatar da sakamakon binciken ma'adanai, sinadarai da kuma nazarin man fetur na wani rukunin tarkacen tukwane daga wurare uku da aka haƙa a Masarautar Kongo (duba bayanan kayan tarihi a cikin Ƙarin Kayan Aiki na 2). Samfuran sun kasance na nau'ikan tukwane guda huɗu (Hoto na 2), ɗaya daga Tsarin Jindoji da uku daga Tsarin King Kong 30, 31, 35. Ƙungiyar Kindoki ta samo asali ne tun zamanin Mulkin Farko (14 zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 15). Daga cikin wuraren da aka tattauna a cikin wannan binciken, Kindoki (n = 31) ita ce kawai wurin da ya nuna rukunin Kindoki30, 35. Nau'ikan Rukunin Kongo guda uku - Nau'in A, Nau'in C, da Nau'in D - sun samo asali ne tun daga ƙarshen mulkin (ƙarni na 16-18) kuma suna wanzuwa a lokaci guda a cikin wuraren kayan tarihi guda uku da aka yi la'akari da su a nan30, 31, 35. Tukwanen Kongo Nau'in C tukwane ne na girki waɗanda ke da yawa a duk wurare uku35. Ana iya amfani da kwanon Kongo Nau'in A azaman kwanon hidima, wanda aka wakilta da ƴan gutsuttsura kawai 30, 31, 35. Ya kamata a yi amfani da tukwanen Kongo D kawai don amfanin gida - kamar yadda ba a taɓa samun su a cikin kaburbura ba har zuwa yau - kuma suna da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙungiyar masu amfani da su30, 31, 35. Ragowar su kuma suna bayyana ne kawai a cikin ƙananan lambobi. Tukwanen Nau'in A da D sun nuna irin wannan rarraba sararin samaniya a wuraren Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata30, 31. A cikin Ngongo Mbata, zuwa yanzu, akwai gutsuttsuran Kongo Type C guda 37,013, waɗanda daga cikinsu akwai gutsuttsuran Kongo Type A guda 193 da gutsuttsuran Kongo Type D31 guda 168.
Zane-zane na nau'ikan rukuni huɗu na tukwane na Masarautar Kongo da aka tattauna a cikin wannan binciken (Ƙungiyar Kindoki da Ƙungiyar Kongo: Nau'in A, C, da D); hoto mai nuna yadda suka kasance a kowane wurin tarihi na Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata.
An yi amfani da na'urar auna zafin jiki ta X-ray Diffraction (XRD), na'urar nazarin yanayin zafi (TGA), na'urar nazarin zafi ta Petrographic, na'urar auna matsin lamba mai canzawa ta Electron Microscopy tare da na'urar nazarin hasken rana mai rarrabawa ta makamashi (VP-SEM-EDS), na'urar nazarin hasken rana ta X-ray (XRF) da kuma na'urar nazarin yawan zafin jiki mai hade da juna ta Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-MS) don magance tambayoyi game da hanyoyin samun albarkatun kasa da dabarun samarwa. Manufarmu ita ce gano al'adun yumbu da kuma danganta su da wasu hanyoyin samarwa, don haka samar da sabon hangen nesa kan tsarin zamantakewa na daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin siyasa a Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Al'amarin Masarautar Kongo yana da matuƙar ƙalubale ga nazarin tushe saboda bambancin da ke tsakanin yanayin ƙasa na gida (Hoto na 3). Ana iya gano ilimin ƙasa na yanki ta hanyar kasancewar jerin ƙasa masu laushi da metamorphic kaɗan zuwa marasa tsari waɗanda aka sani da Western Congo Supergroup. A cikin hanyar ƙasa zuwa sama, jerin suna farawa da tsarin duwatsu masu canzawa a cikin Sansikwa Formation, sannan sai Tsarin Haut Shiloango, wanda ke nuna kasancewar carbonates na stromatolite, kuma a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, an gano ƙwayoyin ƙasa na silica Diatomaceous kusa da ƙasa da saman rukunin. Ƙungiyar Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire haɗuwa ce ta carbonate-argillite tare da wasu ma'adanai na Cu-Pb-Zn. Wannan tsarin ƙasa yana nuna wani tsari na musamman ta hanyar rauni na diagenesis na yumbun magnesia ko ƙaramin canji na dolomite mai samar da talc. Wannan yana haifar da kasancewar tushen ma'adinan calcium da talc. An rufe sashin ta hanyar Precambrian Ƙungiyar Schisto-Greseux ta ƙunshi gadaje ja masu yashi da argillaceous.
Taswirar ƙasa ta yankin binciken. An nuna wurare uku na kayan tarihi a taswirar (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki da Ngongombata). Da'irar da ke kewaye da wurin tana wakiltar radius na kilomita 7, wanda ya yi daidai da yuwuwar amfani da tushen kashi 84%. Taswirar tana nufin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo da Angola, kuma an yi wa iyakokin alama. An ƙirƙiri taswirorin ƙasa (siffofi a cikin Ƙarin Bayani na 11) a cikin software na ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (gidan yanar gizo: https://www.arcgis.com/), tana nuni ga Angolan41 da Congo42,65 Taswirorin ƙasa (fayilolin raster), ta amfani da Ma'aunin zane daban-daban.
Sama da katsewar sedimentary, sassan Cretaceous sun ƙunshi duwatsun sedimentary na nahiyar kamar sandstone da claystone. Kusa da wannan samuwar ƙasa an san shi a matsayin tushen adana lu'u-lu'u na biyu bayan zaizayar ƙasa ta bututun kimberlite na farko na Cretaceous41,42. Ba a sake samun ƙarin duwatsu masu kama da igneous da high-high metamorphic a wannan yanki ba.
Yankin da ke kewaye da Mbanza Kongo yana da alaƙa da kasancewar ma'adanai masu ƙarfi da sinadarai a kan strata na Precambrian, galibi dutse mai laushi da dolomite daga Tsarin Schisto-Calcaire da siliki, quartzite da ashwag daga Tsarin Haut Shiloango41. Sashen ƙasa mafi kusa da wurin tarihi na Jindoji shine dutsen Holocene mai laushi da farar ƙasa, siliki da chert da aka rufe da feldspar quartzite na Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. Ngongo Mbata tana cikin kunkuntar bel ɗin dutse na Schisto-Greseux tsakanin tsohuwar ƙungiyar Schisto-Calcaire da kuma dutsen yashi mai ja na Cretaceous42. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton wata majiya ta Kimberlite mai suna Kimpangu a cikin kusancin Ngongo Mbata kusa da craton a yankin Lower Congo.
An nuna sakamakon kwata-kwata na manyan matakan ma'adinai da XRD ya samu a cikin Jadawali na 1, kuma an nuna alamun XRD masu wakiltar a cikin Hoto na 4. Quartz (SiO2) shine babban matakin ma'adinai, wanda ake dangantawa akai-akai da potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) da mica.[Misali, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], da/ko talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Ma'adanai na plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na ko Ca] (watau sodium da/ko anorthite) da amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5–7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] matakai ne na lu'ulu'u masu alaƙa, Yawancin lokaci akwai mica.Amphibole yawanci ba ya cikin talc.
Wakilan tsarin XRD na tukwane na Kongo Kingdom, bisa ga manyan matakai na lu'ulu'u, wanda ya dace da ƙungiyoyin nau'i: (i) abubuwan da ke da wadataccen talc da aka samu a cikin samfuran Kindoki Group da Kongo Type C, (ii) wadataccen talc da aka samu a cikin samfuran abubuwan da ke ɗauke da Quartz na Kindoki Group da Kongo Type C, (iii) abubuwan da ke da wadataccen feldspar a cikin samfuran Kongo Type A da Kongo D, (iv) abubuwan da ke da wadataccen mica a cikin samfuran Kongo Type A da Kongo D, (v) An ci karo da abubuwan da ke da wadataccen Amphibole a cikin samfuran daga Kongo Type A da Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, ko potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Siffar XRD mara bambanci talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 da pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 da ba a iya bambancewa ba tana buƙatar wata dabara ta musamman don gano kasancewarsu, rashinsu ko yiwuwar kasancewa tare. An yi TGA akan samfuran wakilci guda uku (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 da KDK_S.20). Lanƙwasa TG (Ƙarin 3) sun yi daidai da kasancewar matakin ma'adinan talc da rashin pyrophyllite. Dehydroxylation da rugujewar tsarin da aka lura tsakanin 850 da 1000 °C sun yi daidai da talc. Ba a lura da asarar taro tsakanin 650 da 850 °C ba, wanda ke nuna rashin pyrophyllite44.
A matsayin ƙaramin mataki, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar nazarin tarin samfuran wakilci, kololuwa Yana a 16-7 Å, galibi ana gano shi a cikin samfuran Kindoki Group da Kongo Group Type A.
Samfuran Kindoki Group da aka samo daga yankin da ke kewaye da Kindoki sun nuna wani sinadari mai kama da talc, yawan quartz da mica, da kuma kasancewar potassium feldspar.
Sinadarin ma'adinai na samfuran Kongo Type A yana da alaƙa da kasancewar adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan quartz-mica a cikin girma dabam-dabam da kuma kasancewar potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, da mica. Yawancin amphibole da feldspar suna nuna wannan rukunin, musamman a cikin samfuran A na Congo a Jindoki da Ngongombata.
Samfuran Kongo Type C suna nuna nau'in ma'adinai daban-daban a cikin rukunin nau'in, wanda ya dogara sosai akan wurin kayan tarihi. Samfuran daga Ngongo Mbata suna da wadataccen quartz kuma suna nuna daidaiton abun ciki. Quartz kuma shine babban matakin samfuran Kongo C daga Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki, amma a cikin waɗannan yanayi wasu samfuran suna da wadataccen talc da mica.
Nau'in Kongo D yana da wani nau'in ma'adinai na musamman a duk wuraren tarihi guda uku. Feldspar, musamman plagioclase, yana da yawa a cikin wannan nau'in tukwane. Amphibole yawanci yana da yawa. Yana wakiltar quartz da mica. Adadin da aka danganta ya bambanta tsakanin samfura. An gano Talc a cikin gutsuttsuran da ke da wadataccen amphibole na nau'in Mbanza Kongo.
Manyan ma'adanai masu laushi waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar nazarin petrographic sune quartz, feldspar, mica da amphibole. Abubuwan da aka haɗa da duwatsu sun ƙunshi gutsuttsuran duwatsu masu matsakaicin girma da na zamani, masu kama da na igneous da kuma duwatsu masu laushi. Bayanan masana'anta da aka samu ta amfani da jadawalin Orton45's sun nuna matsayin jihar daga mara kyau zuwa mai kyau, tare da rabon matrix na jihar daga 5% zuwa 50%. Hatsi masu zafi suna tsakanin zagaye zuwa kusurwa ba tare da wani fifiko ba.
An bambanta ƙungiyoyin lithofacies guda biyar (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, da PGe) bisa ga canje-canjen tsari da ma'adanai. Ƙungiyar PGa: ƙananan matrix masu laushi (5-10%), ƙananan matrix, tare da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin duwatsu masu laushi (Hoto na 5a); Ƙungiyar PGb: babban rabo na matrix masu laushi (20%-30%), matrix masu laushi Rarraba wuta ba shi da kyau, ƙwayoyin da ke laushi suna kusurwa, kuma duwatsu masu matsakaici da manyan suna da babban abun ciki na silicate mai layi, mica da manyan duwatsu (Hoto na 5b); Ƙungiyar PGc: babban rabo na matrix masu laushi (20 -40%), mai kyau zuwa mai kyau sosai Rarraba yanayi, ƙanana zuwa ƙanana masu zagaye masu laushi, yalwar ƙwayoyin quartz, ƙananan ramuka na lokaci-lokaci (c a Hoto na 5); Ƙungiyar PGd: ƙaramin rabo Matrix masu laushi (5-20%), tare da ƙananan hatsi masu laushi, manyan abubuwan da ke cikin duwatsu, rashin kyau rarrabawa, da kyakkyawan yanayin matrix (d a Hoto na 5); da rukunin PGe: babban rabo na matrix mai laushi (40-50%), mai kyau zuwa mai kyau sosai wajen rarrabewa, girma biyu na hatsi masu laushi da kuma nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban dangane da daidaita zafi (Hoto na 5, e). Hoto na 5 yana nuna wakilcin micrograph na gani na ƙungiyar petrographic. Nazarin gani na samfuran ya haifar da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin rarrabuwar nau'i da saitin petrographic, musamman a cikin samfuran daga Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata (duba Ƙarin Bayani na 4 don wakilcin micrographs na dukkan saitin samfurin).
Wakilan ƙananan hotuna na gani na yanka tukwane na Kongo Kingdom; daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyin petrographic da typeological.(a) Ƙungiyar PGa, (b) Ƙungiyar PGB, (c) Ƙungiyar PGc, (d) Ƙungiyar PGd da (e) Ƙungiyar PGe.
Samfurin Tsarin Kindoki ya ƙunshi tsarin duwatsu masu kyau da ke da alaƙa da samuwar PGa. Samfuran nau'in Kongo A suna da alaƙa sosai da lithofacies na PGb, sai dai samfurin nau'in Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A daga Ngongo Mbata, wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar PGe a cikin tsari. Yawancin samfuran nau'in Kongo C daga Kindoki da Ngongo Mbata, da samfuran nau'in Kongo C MBK_S.21 da MBK_S.23 daga Mbanza Kongo sun kasance na ƙungiyar PGc. Duk da haka, samfuran nau'in Kongo Type C da yawa suna nuna fasalulluka na wasu lithofacies. Samfuran nau'in Kongo C MBK_S.17 da NBC_S.13 suna nuna halayen rubutu da suka shafi ƙungiyoyin PGe. Samfuran nau'in Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 da MBK_S.14 suna samar da rukunin lithofacies guda ɗaya PGd, yayin da samfuran nau'in Kongo C KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 da KDK_S.25 suna da kamanceceniya da ƙungiyar PGb. Ana iya ɗaukar samfurin Kongo Type C MBK_S.14 a matsayin wanda ba ya da kyau saboda yanayin ƙwanƙolinsa mai ramuka. Kusan dukkan samfuran da ke cikin nau'in Kongo D suna da alaƙa da lithofacies na PGe, ban da samfuran nau'in Kongo D MBK_S.7 da MBK_S.15 daga Mbanza Kongo, waɗanda ke nuna manyan hatsi masu laushi tare da ƙarancin yawa (30%), kusa da rukunin PGc.
An yi nazarin samfura daga wuraren tarihi guda uku ta VP-SEM-EDS don nuna rarrabuwar abubuwa da kuma tantance babban abun da ke cikin hatsi masu laushi. Bayanan EDS suna ba da damar gano quartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (misali rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) da perovskite neosilicates (garnet). Silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, iron da magnesium sune abubuwan sinadarai da aka fi sani a cikin matrix. Ana iya bayanin yawan sinadarin magnesium a cikin kwano na Kindoki Formation da Kongo A ta hanyar kasancewar ma'adanai na talc ko magnesium lãka. A cewar binciken elemental, ƙwayoyin feldspar galibi suna daidai da potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, kuma lokaci-lokaci labradorite da anorthite (Ƙarin 5, Hoto na S8–S10), yayin da ƙwayoyin amphibole sune tremolite Stone, actinite, a yanayin samfurin Kongo Type A. NBC_S.3, dutse mai launin ja. An lura da bambanci bayyananne a cikin abun da ke cikin amphibole (Hoto na 6) a cikin nau'in A-type na Kongo (tremolite) da tukwane na Kongo D-type (actinite). Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wuraren tarihi guda uku, hatsin ilmenite suna da alaƙa da samfuran nau'in D. Ana samun babban abun ciki na manganese a cikin ƙwayoyin ilmenite. Duk da haka, wannan bai canza tsarin maye gurbin ƙarfe-titanium (Fe-Ti) na yau da kullun ba (duba Ƙarin Bayani na 5, Hoto na S11).
Bayanan VP-SEM-EDS. Zane mai siffar ternary wanda ke nuna bambancin tsarin amphibole tsakanin tankunan Kongo Type A da Kongo D akan samfuran da aka zaɓa daga Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), da Ngongo Mbata (NBC); alamomin da aka sanya ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin nau'i.
A cewar sakamakon XRD, quartz da potassium feldspar sune manyan ma'adanai a cikin samfuran nau'in C na Kongo, yayin da kasancewar quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite da tremolite sune halayen samfuran nau'in A na Kongo. Samfuran nau'in D na Kongo sun nuna cewa quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite da actinite sune manyan abubuwan haɗin ma'adinai. Samfurin nau'in A na Kongo NBC_S.3 ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da alaƙa saboda plagioclase ɗinsa labradorite ne, amphibole orthopamphibole ne, kuma an rubuta kasancewar ilmenite. Samfurin nau'in C na Kongo NBC_S.14 kuma ya ƙunshi hatsin ilmenite (Karin 5, Figures S12–S15).
An gudanar da nazarin XRF akan samfuran wakilci daga wurare uku na kayan tarihi don tantance manyan ƙungiyoyin abubuwa. An jera manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin Tebur na 2. An nuna cewa samfuran da aka bincika suna da wadataccen silica da alumina, tare da yawan sinadarin calcium oxide ƙasa da 6%. Babban yawan sinadarin magnesium ana danganta shi da kasancewar talc, wanda ke da alaƙa da oxides na silicon da aluminum oxide. Babban abun ciki na sodium oxide da calcium oxide sun yi daidai da yawan plagioclase.
Samfuran Kindoki Group da aka samo daga wurin Kindoki sun nuna wadatar magnesia sosai (8-10%) saboda kasancewar talc. Matakan potassium oxide a cikin wannan nau'in rukuni sun kama daga 1.5 zuwa 2.5%, kuma yawan sodium (< 0.2%) da calcium oxide (< 0.4%) sun yi ƙasa.
Yawan sinadarin iron oxides (7.5–9%) abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin tukwanen nau'in Kongo A. Samfuran nau'in Kongo A daga Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki sun nuna yawan sinadarin potassium (3.5–4.5%). Babban sinadarin magnesium oxide (3–5%) ya bambanta samfurin Ngongo Mbata daga sauran samfuran nau'in iri ɗaya. Samfurin nau'in Kongo A NBC_S.4 yana nuna yawan sinadarin iron oxides, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kasancewar matakan ma'adinai na amphibole. Samfurin nau'in Kongo A NBC_S.3 ya nuna yawan sinadarin manganese (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) ta mamaye tsarin samfurin nau'in Kongo C, wanda ke cikin abun da ke cikin quartz wanda XRD da petrography suka ƙayyade. An lura da ƙarancin sodium (< 0.5%) da calcium (0.2–0.6%). Babban yawan magnesium oxide (13.9 da 20.7%, bi da bi) da ƙarancin iron oxide a cikin samfuran MBK_S.14 da KDK_S.20 sun yi daidai da ma'adanai masu yawa na talc. Samfuran MBK_S.9 da KDK_S.19 na wannan rukunin sun nuna ƙarancin yawan silica da yawan sodium, magnesium, calcium da Iron oxide. Babban yawan titanium dioxide (1.5%) ya bambanta samfurin Kongo Type C MBK_S.9.
Bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai suna nuna samfuran Kongo Type D, wanda ke nuna ƙarancin sinadarin silica da kuma yawan sinadarin sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), da potassium oxide a cikin kewayon 44% zuwa 63% (1-5%) saboda kasancewar feldspar. Bugu da ƙari, an lura da yawan sinadarin titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) a cikin wannan nau'in rukunin. Babban sinadarin iron oxide na samfuran Kongo D MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 da NBC_S.23 yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin magnesium oxide, wanda ya yi daidai da rinjayen amphibole. An gano yawan sinadarin manganese oxide a cikin duk samfuran Kongo D-type.
Babban bayanan abubuwan sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin sinadarin calcium da baƙin ƙarfe a cikin tankunan Kongo nau'in A da D, wanda aka danganta da wadatar sinadarin sodium oxide. Dangane da abun da ke cikin sinadarin (Karin bayani na 6, Tebur S1), yawancin samfuran nau'in Kongo D suna da wadataccen zirconium tare da matsakaicin alaƙa da strontium. Tsarin Rb-Sr (Hoto na 7) yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin tankunan strontium da Kongo D-type, da kuma tsakanin tankunan rubidium da Kongo A-type. Dukansu tukwanen Kindoki Group da Kongo Type C sun ƙare daga abubuwan biyu. (Duba Ƙarin bayani na 6, Figures S16-S19).
Bayanan XRF. Tsarin watsawa Rb-Sr, samfuran da aka zaɓa daga tukwane na Kongo Kingdom, waɗanda aka tsara su da launi ta hanyar rukuni na nau'in. Jadawalin yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin tankin nau'in Kongo D da strontium da kuma tsakanin tankin nau'in Kongo A da rubidium.
An yi nazarin samfurin wakilci daga Mbanza Kongo ta hanyar ICP-MS don tantance abubuwan da aka gano da kuma abubuwan da aka gano, da kuma nazarin rarrabawar tsarin REE tsakanin ƙungiyoyin nau'ikan. An bayyana abubuwan da aka gano da kuma abubuwan da aka gano sosai a cikin Shafi na 7, Tebur S2. Samfuran Kongo Type A da samfuran Kongo Type D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, da MBK_S.25 suna da wadataccen thorium. Gwangwanin nau'in Kongo A suna da wadataccen zinc kuma an wadatar da su da rubidium, yayin da gwangwanin nau'in Kongo D ke nuna wadataccen strontium, wanda ke tabbatar da sakamakon XRF (Karin 7, Figures S21–S23). Tsarin La/Yb-Sm/Yb yana nuna alaƙar kuma yana nuna babban abun ciki na lanthanum a cikin samfurin Kongo D-tank (Hoto na 8).
Bayanan ICP-MS. Tsarin watsawa na La/Yb-Sm/Yb, samfuran da aka zaɓa daga yankin Kongo Kingdom, waɗanda aka tsara su da launi ta hanyar nau'in rukuni. Samfurin nau'in Kongo C MBK_S.14 ba a nuna shi a cikin hoton ba.
An gabatar da REEs da NASC47 ya daidaita a cikin nau'in makircin gizo-gizo (Hoto na 9). Sakamakon ya nuna wadatar abubuwan ƙasa masu sauƙi (LREES), musamman a cikin samfuran daga tankunan Kongo A-type da D-type. Nau'in Kongo C ya nuna babban bambanci. Alamar europium mai kyau tana da alaƙa da nau'in Kongo D, kuma babban alamar cerium yana da alaƙa da nau'in Kongo A.
A cikin wannan binciken, mun bincika tarin yumbu daga wurare uku na tarihi na Afirka ta Tsakiya da ke da alaƙa da Masarautar Kongo mallakar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na nau'ikan nau'ikan, wato ƙungiyoyin Jindoki da Kongo. Ƙungiyar Jinduomu tana wakiltar wani lokaci na baya (lokacin farko na masarauta) kuma tana wanzuwa ne kawai a wurin tarihi na Jinduomu. Ƙungiyar Kongo - nau'ikan A, C, da D - tana wanzuwa a wurare uku na tarihi a lokaci guda. Tarihin King Kong Group za a iya gano shi tun daga lokacin masarauta. Yana wakiltar zamanin haɗi da Turai da musayar kayayyaki a cikin da wajen Masarautar Kongo, kamar yadda yake tsawon ƙarni da yawa. An samo yatsu masu tsari da na dutse ta amfani da hanyar nazari da yawa. Wannan shine karo na farko da Afirka ta Tsakiya ta yi amfani da irin wannan yarjejeniya.
Yatsun yatsan da ke cikin rukunin Kindoki da kuma tsarin duwatsu masu daidaito suna nuna samfuran Kindoki na musamman. Ƙungiyar Kindoki na iya alaƙa da lokacin da Nsondi ke da lardi mai zaman kanta na ƙasar Kongo ta Bakwai Nlaza28,29. Kasancewar talc da vermiculite (samfurin talc mai ƙarancin zafin jiki) a cikin rukunin Jinduoji yana nuna amfani da kayan masarufi na gida, kamar yadda talc ke cikin matrix na ilimin ƙasa na wurin Jinduoji, a cikin Tsarin Schisto-Calcaire 39,40. Halayen masana'anta na wannan nau'in tukunya da aka lura ta hanyar nazarin rubutu suna nuna cewa ba a sarrafa kayan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su ba.
Tukwane na nau'in Kongo A sun nuna bambancin tsarin da ke cikin da kuma tsakanin wurare. Mbanza Kongo da Kindoki suna da yawan potassium da calcium oxides, yayin da Ngongo Mbata yana da yawan magnesium. Duk da haka, wasu siffofi na gama gari sun bambanta su da sauran ƙungiyoyin nau'ikan. Sun fi daidaito a cikin masana'anta, wanda aka yiwa alama da mica manna. Ba kamar Kongo type C ba, suna nuna yawan abubuwan da ke cikin feldspar, amphibole da iron oxide. Babban abun da ke cikin mica da kasancewar tremolite amphibole sun bambanta su da Kongo D-type basin, inda aka gano amphibole actinolite.
Nau'in Kongo C kuma yana gabatar da canje-canje a cikin ilimin ma'adinai da sinadaran da halayen masana'anta na wuraren tarihi guda uku da ke tsakaninsu. Wannan bambancin yana da alaƙa da amfani da duk wata hanyar samun kayan masarufi kusa da kowane wurin samarwa/cinyewa. Duk da haka, an sami kamanceceniya ta salo ban da gyare-gyaren fasaha na gida.
Nau'in Kongo D yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin titanium oxides, wanda aka danganta da kasancewar ma'adanai na ilmenite (Karin bayani na 6, Hoto na S20). Yawan sinadarin manganese da aka yi nazari a cikin hatsin ilmenite da aka bincika yana haɗa su da manganese ilmenite (Hoto na 10), wani abu na musamman da ya dace da tsarin kimberlite48,49. Kasancewar duwatsun sedimentary na nahiyar Cretaceous—wani tushen ma'adinan lu'u-lu'u na biyu bayan yashewar bututun kimberlite na kafin Cretaceous42—da kuma rahoton Kimberlite na Kimberlite a Ƙananan Kongo43 ya nuna cewa yankin Ngongo Mbata mai faɗi na iya zama tushen albarkatun ƙasa na Congo (DRC) don samar da tukwane na D. Wannan yana ƙara tallafawa ta hanyar gano ilmenite a cikin samfurin Kongo Type A guda ɗaya da kuma samfurin Kongo Type C guda ɗaya a wurin Ngongo Mbata.
Bayanan VP-SEM-EDS. Tsarin watsawa na MgO-MnO, samfuran da aka zaɓa daga Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) da Ngongo Mbata (NBC) tare da ƙwayoyin ilmenite da aka gano, suna nuna manganese-titanium ferromanganese bisa ga binciken Kaminsky da Belousova's Mine (Mn-ilmenites).
Abubuwan da ba su dace ba na Europium da aka lura a yanayin REE na tankin nau'in Kongo D (duba Hoto na 9), musamman a cikin samfuran da aka gano ƙwayoyin ilmenite (misali, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, da MBK_S.24), mai yiwuwa suna da alaƙa da duwatsu masu kama da na anorthite da ke riƙe da Eu2+. Wannan rarrabawar REE na iya kuma bayyana babban yawan strontium da aka samu a cikin samfuran nau'in Kongo D (duba Hoto na 6) saboda strontium yana maye gurbin calcium50 a cikin layin ma'adinai na Ca. Babban abun ciki na lanthanum (Hoto na 8) da wadatar LREES gabaɗaya (Hoto na 9) za a iya danganta su da duwatsu masu kama da na kimberlite51.
Halayen musamman na tukwane masu siffar D na Kongo suna haɗa su da wani takamaiman tushen kayan ƙasa na halitta, da kuma kamanceceniya tsakanin wuraren da wannan nau'in yake, wanda ke nuna cibiyar samarwa ta musamman ga tukwane masu siffar D na Kongo. Baya ga takamaiman abun da ke ciki, rarraba girman barbashi mai laushi na nau'in Kongo D yana haifar da kayan yumbu masu tauri kuma yana nuna sarrafa kayan ƙasa da aka yi niyya da kuma ilimin fasaha mai zurfi a cikin samar da tukwane52. Wannan fasalin na musamman ne kuma yana ƙara goyon bayan fassarar wannan nau'in a matsayin samfurin da ke niyya ga takamaiman ƙungiyar masu amfani35. Dangane da wannan samarwa, Clist et al29 sun ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila sakamakon hulɗa ne tsakanin masu yin tayal na Portugal da masu yin tukwane na Congo, saboda irin wannan ƙwarewar ba a taɓa samun ta a lokacin daular ba da kuma a da.
Rashin sabbin matakan ma'adinai da aka samar a cikin samfuran daga dukkan nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi yana nuna cewa ana amfani da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin zafin jiki (< 950 °C), wanda kuma ya yi daidai da nazarin ilimin halittu da aka gudanar a wannan yanki53,54. Bugu da ƙari, rashin hematite da launin duhu na wasu sassan tukwane ya faru ne saboda raguwar wuta ko bayan harbi4,55. Nazarin al'adu a yankin ya nuna halayen sarrafa wuta bayan wuta yayin ƙera tukwane55. Launuka masu duhu, galibi ana samun su a cikin tukwane masu siffar D na Kongo, ana iya danganta su da masu amfani da aka yi niyya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kayan adonsu mai kyau. Bayanan al'adu a cikin mahallin Afirka gabaɗaya suna goyon bayan wannan iƙirari, kamar yadda sau da yawa ana ɗaukar tukwane masu baƙi a matsayin takamaiman ma'anoni na alama.
Rashin sinadarin calcium a cikin samfuran, rashin sinadarin carbonates da/ko sabbin matakan ma'adinai da aka samar an danganta su da yanayin da ba shi da sinadarin calcium a cikin tukwane57. Wannan tambayar tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga samfuran da ke da wadataccen sinadarin talc (galibi Kindoki Group da Kongo Type C basins) saboda carbonate da talc suna nan a cikin tarin carbonate-argillaceous na gida-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Juna Biyu. Neman wasu nau'ikan kayan masarufi daga tsarin ƙasa iri ɗaya yana nuna ilimin fasaha mai zurfi da ya shafi ɗabi'ar da ba ta dace ba ta yumbun calcareous lokacin da aka harba shi a ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Baya ga bambancin tsarin tukwane na Kongo C da kuma tsarin duwatsu, yawan buƙatar amfani da kayan girki ya ba mu damar sanya samar da tukwane na Kongo C a matakin al'umma. Duk da haka, yawan quartz a cikin yawancin samfuran nau'in Kongo C yana nuna daidaito a cikin samar da tukwane a cikin masarautar. Yana nuna zaɓin kayan masarufi da ilimin fasaha na ci gaba da ya shafi aiki mai inganci da dacewa na Tukwane na dafa abinci na Quartz Temper58. Tsarin ma'aunin Quartz da kayan da ba su da calcium suna nuna cewa zaɓin kayan da aka sarrafa da sarrafawa suma sun dogara ne akan buƙatun aikin fasaha.